Studies on piRNAs have attracted significant attention from researchers in the last decade.ĭouble-stranded small RNA derived from the suppressor of the Stellate locus on the Y chromosome was first discovered in the Drosophila melanogaster germ line. piRNAs form the largest and most heterogeneous class of sncRNAs because they lack conserved structural motifs and sequence homology across species. Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) engage in gene regulation at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and are classified as microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) based on their size and Argonaute partner in biogenesis.
The roles of piRNAs in TE silencing, gene expression regulation, epigenetic regulation, embryonic development, immune response, and associated diseases will continue to be discovered via sRNA-seq. Ubiquitously expressed piRNAs have been discovered in the soma and germ lines in Annelida, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Crustacea, Arthropoda, and Mollusca, but they are limited to germ lines in Chordata. These processes can help expand the functional research on piRNAs from previously reported sRNA-seq results in metazoans. In this review, we summarize a set of simplified processes for piRNA analysis in order to provide a useful guide for researchers to perform piRNA research suitable for their study objectives.
However, the role of piRNAs has not yet been fully elucidated, and sRNA-seq studies continue to reveal different piRNA activities in the genome. Recently, ubiquitously expressed piRNAs were discovered in soma and germ lines using small RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) in humans and animals, providing new insights into the diverse functions of piRNAs. PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) that perform crucial biological functions in metazoans and defend against transposable elements (TEs) in germ lines.
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